The Evolution of Punishment: Exploring Incarceration, Restorative Justice, and Social Control in Contemporary Society

Raja Sekar; Varadharajan

doi:10.5281/zenodo.14611267

Authors

Raja Sekar Research Scholar, SRM University, Chennai, India
Varadharajan Research Scholar, SRM University, Chennai, India

Crime and Punishment, Social Control, Incarceration, Restorative Justice, Recidivism, Racial Disparities in Justice, Social Inequality, Rehabilitation vs. Punishment, Victim-Centered Justice, Criminal Justice Reform

Abstract

Crime, punishment, and social control are central to sociological and criminological discourses, shaping individual behaviors and societal dynamics. This article examines the evolution of punishment by contrasting traditional incarceration systems with restorative justice (RJ) frameworks. Incarceration, a conventional punitive model, is critiqued for perpetuating systemic inequalities, fostering recidivism, and isolating offenders. In contrast, RJ emphasizes reconciliation, accountability, and community involvement, offering a transformative alternative. Through a comparative analysis, this study evaluates the theoretical foundations, effectiveness, and ethical implications of both paradigms. It also explores intersectional influences—race, class, and gender—on justice practices, proposing integrative reforms that prioritize equity and rehabilitation.

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